Cryptography, private and public key encryption, uses of encryption; Network Security: threats, controls –encryption, authentication, network security tools (firewalls, intrusion detection); Program security: non-malicious program errors such as buffer overflow, viruses, other malicious code, targeted malicious code, controls against program threats; Protection in operating systems: protected objects, methods of protection, access control, authentication; Web Security; Data security and privacy; Forensics and Incident response; Security Policies and Procedures.